Risque de transmission de certains arbovirus à travers le don de sang à Bamako / Risk of transmission of certain arbovirus through blood donation in the city of Bamako

Introduction. Au Mali, le dépistage de certains virus tels que la dengue, Zika et la fièvre de la vallée du Rift n'est pas systématique au centre national de transfusion sanguine (CNTS). Le risque peut être considérable en raison de leurs courtes périodes de virémie asymptomatique dans la population dont l'incidence est variable et parfois extrêmement élevée. Cette étude avait pour objectif d'explorer la possibilité de transmission de certains arbovirus à travers le don de sang au CNTS de Bamako. Méthodes. Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale, de juillet 2019 à juin 2020 à Bamako. Au total deux cents (200) donneurs de sang du CNTS ont été inclus. Les examens ont été réalisés au Centre d'Infectiologie Charles Mérieux (CICM) de Bamako avec le dépistage du génome des virus responsables de la Dengue, de la fièvre de la Vallée du Rift, et du Zika à l'aide de la technique de la RT-PCR en temps réel. Le Test de Dépistage Rapide (TDR) a été utilisé pour la détection des anticorps IgG et IgM spécifiques de la Dengue. Résultats. Le sexe masculin représente 84% (168/200). Le TDR a détecté 4,5% (9/200) de Dengue IgG positifs et aucun cas de Dengue IgM positif. La technique de RT-PCR n'a détecté aucun des trois virus. Conclusion. Cette étude prouve que le risque de transmission de certains arbovirus à travers le don de sang existe, mais il semble être minime au CNTS de Bamako

Background. In Mali, screening for certain viruses such as dengue, Zika, and Rift Valley fever is not systematic at the national blood transfusion center (CNTS). The risk can be considerable due to their short periods of asymptomatic viremia in the population with variable and sometimes extremely high incidence. The objective of this study was to explore the possibility of transmission of certain arboviruses through blood donation at the CNTS of Bamako. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study, from July 2019 to June 2020 in Bamako. A total of two hundred (200) blood donors from the CNTS were included. The examinations were performed at the Centre d'Infectiologie Charles Mérieux (CICM) in Bamako with the screening of the genome of viruses responsible for Dengue, Rift Valley fever, and Zika using the real-time RT-PCR technique. The Rapid Screening Test (RST) was used for the detection of Dengue-specific IgG and IgM antibodies. Results. Male sex represented 84% (168/200). The RDT detected 4.5% (9/200) of IgG positive Dengue and no IgM positive Dengue cases. The RT-PCR technique did not detect any of the three viruses. Conclusion. This study proves that the risk of transmission of certain arboviruses through blood donation exists, but it seems to be minimal at the CNTS of Bamako.

Packaging of Rift Valley fever virus pseudoviruses and establishment of a neutralization assay method

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an acute, febrile zoonotic disease that is caused by the RVF virus (RVFV). RVF is mainly prevalent on the Arabian Peninsula, the African continent, and several islands in the Indian Ocean near southeast Africa. RVFV has been classified by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) as a category A pathogen. To avoid biological safety concerns associated with use of the pathogen in RVFV neutralization assays, the present study investigated and established an RVFV pseudovirus-based neutralization assay. This study used the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) lentiviral packaging system and RVFV structural proteins to successfully construct RVFV pseudoviruses. Electron microscopy observation and western blotting indicated that the size, structure, and shape of the packaged pseudoviruses were notably similar to those of HIV lentiviral vectors. Infection inhibition assay results showed that an antibody against RVFV inhibited the infective ability of the RVFV pseudoviruses, and an antibody neutralization assay for RVFV detection was then established. This study has successfully established a neutralization assay based on RVFV pseudoviruses and demonstrated that this method can be used to effectively evaluate antibody neutralization.

Rapid Response Team train-ing for MERS

Since the emergence of Middle East res-piratory syndrome coronavirus [MERS-Cov] in September 2013, Saudi Arabia has reported over 80% of the cases. Cur-rent scientific evidence suggests that dromedary camels are a major reservoir for MERS-Cov and an animal source of infection in humans has been implicated. Although there is no evidence of sus-tained human-to-human transmission, sporadic outbreaks and clusters of cases have been reported mainly in health care settings. This signifies the need for having a trained Rapid Response Team [RRT] on stand by for investigation of any sus-pected cluster in the community or in healthcare settings. Recently, the ministry of health of Saudi Arabia and WHO jointly organized two rounds of training for its RRTs specially focussing on inves-tigation of cluster of Middle East respira-tory syndrome [MERS]

Pandemic Influenza Severity Assessment [PISA] in EMR

The Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office of WHO, in collaboration with the Global Influenza Programme [GIP] of WHO/HQ and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [US-CDC], conducted a 4 day regional training workshop on determining influenza baselines and thresholds for Pandemic Influenza Severity Assessment [PISA] in Tunis, Tunisia, from 1 to 4 October 2018. The workshop was attended by 30 participants from 15 countries in the region

MERS in healthcare workers

Middle East respiratory syndrome [MERS] is an emerging viral respirato-ry disease caused by the MERS coro-navirus [MERS-Cov] that was first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012. Human-to-human transmission has been observed to a limited extent from MERS-Cov and have primarily occurred in health care settings

Chikungunya update: Sudan

Sudan has had a major outbreak of Chikungunya since July 2018. A total of 20,110 cases have been reported since the outbreak began. No new cases of the disease were reported during the week ending 11th November 2018

Transition from EWARN to routine surveillance

A three days workshop was conducted in Damascus, Syria from 8-10 August 2018 to disseminate findings of Early Warning Alert and Response Network [EWARN] evaluation in Syria. Partici-pants included Ministry of Health [MOH] staff and technical EWARN officers. During this workshop the question of how and when to transition from EWARN to routine surveillance was examined

Influenza cases increase in recent weeks

The seasonal influenza [flu] viruses are detected year-round, however influenza activity, in the northern hemisphere, often begins to increase by the end of autumn. During the winter months, influ-enza may infect up to one fifth of the population and cause substantial mortality.

West Nile fever in Tunisia: update

As of 30 November 2018, the Ministry of Health of Tunisia reported 377 suspected cases of West Nile fever [WNF]. Out of these, 65 cases are probable and 49 cases are laboratory confirmed. Two related deaths have also been reported

Emergency risk communication in outbreaks

To provide WHO Member States, partners and stakeholders involved in emergency preparedness and response with the most up-to-date best practices on Emergency Risk Communication, this year WHO published "Communicating risk in public health emer-gencies - A WHO guideline for emergency risk communication (ERC) policy and prac-tice"

HLIP I in EMR countries

From 2014 to 2017, seven countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of WHO benefited from the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness [PIP] Framework - Partnership Contribution [PC] to enhance their surveillance and laboratory capacities using the High-level Partnership Contribution Implementation Plan I [HLIP I] 2013-2016

GOARN and outbreak response in EMR

The Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network [GOARN] convened its 23rd steering committee meeting in New York, 20-21 June 2018. The aim of the meeting was to review recent deployments, activities and overall achievements of the network since it was established

Global strategy to Eliminate Yellow fever Epidemics [EYE]

On 10 April 2018, WHO and partners launched the Global Strategy to Eliminate Yellow fever Epidemics [EYE]. At a meeting in Abuja Nigeria, WHO, UNICEF, Gavi and health officials across the African continent reaffirmed their commitment to eliminate Yellow fever

EMFLU and improved influenza data sharing

Eastern Mediterranean Flu [EMFLU] Network is a web-based platform that is used to enter and analyze the influenza surveillance data at country level in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region [EMR]. It provides useful information for decision makers at country and regional levels regarding the trend of influenza and circulating viruses. Up to August 2018, 16 Member States in the EMR have shared their severe acute respiratory infections [SARI] data regularly through the platform

Influenza: Burden of disease estimation in Saudi Arabia

On July 2018, the Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia conducted a three-day workshop on the estimation of the influenza burden using Severe Acute Respiratory Infections [SARI] surveillance data. During the workshop, 12 participants from different regions of the country were trained by influenza experts from Infection Hazard Management unit [IHM] of WHO Regional office for Eastern Mediterranean Region [EMRO]

National Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Plans [NPIPP] in the EMR

WHO EMRO in collaboration with the Global Influenza Programme [GIP] of WHO headquarters conducted a 3-day participatory workshop on National Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Plan [NPIPP] in Tunis, Tunisia, from 13 to 15 August 2018. This workshop was attended by 35 participants from five countries. Three of these countries were from the Eastern Mediterranean Region [EMR] and two were from the WHO African region [AFR]

Biosafety in laboratories working with influenza in EMR

WHO and partners conducted a regional biosafety training course for containment of influenza and other infectious diseases of international concern from 16 –20 April, 2018 in Morocco. The training workshop was attended by participants from 21 countries in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region [EMR]

Chikungunya in Sudan

The Federal Ministry of Health, in recent time, has informed WHO of an outbreak of Chikungunya which has affected its eastern states. Till date, a total of 13,430 suspected cases were reported from the country, primarily from Kassala and Red Sea state. Samples have been tested both by PCR and by serology. A number of samples have also been tested posi-tive for dengue fever

Imported case of MERS

The Ministry of Health of Kuwait received a notification from IHR national focal point [NFP] of Republic of Korea [RoK] on a Korean male aged 61 years, who visited Kuwait during the period from 16 August to 6 September 2018 and was laboratory confirmed as MERS on 8 September 2018 upon his return to RoK

West Nile fever in Tunisia

As of 8 October 2018, the Ministry of Health of Tunisia reported 177 sus-pected cases of West Nile fever [WNF]. Out of these, 22 are probable and 17 are laboratory confirmed cases. One death has also been reported in a 27 year male who was hospitalized for meningo-encephalitis in September 2018